Official COFOG category
Basic and applied research in medicine, biology, and public health.
2001–2024
2014–2015 · reform
The Sixth State Reform entered into force July 2014 with transitional rollout through 2015. Family allowances, healthcare-adjacent spending, and employment policy moved from federal to regional/community budgets, producing breaks in the pre-/post-reform federal series.
2020–2021 · shock
Federal and regional emergency outlays for healthcare, employment, and family support drove a sharp transient spike in 2020-2021 across most COFOG categories.